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group polarization

  • 1 групповая поляризация

    Russian-english psychology dictionary > групповая поляризация

  • 2 поляризационные эффекты групп

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > поляризационные эффекты групп

  • 3 поляризация (интересов) группы

    Aviation medicine: group polarization

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > поляризация (интересов) группы

  • 4 поляризация группы

    Aviation medicine: (интересов) group polarization

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > поляризация группы

  • 5 модуляция

    * * *
    модуля́ция ж.
    modulation
    модуля́ция испо́льзуется для нанесе́ния информа́ции на перено́счик — modulation impresses information on a carrier
    модуля́ция осуществля́ется по, напр. ано́ду, се́тке — modulation is applied to, e. g., the anode, grid
    осуществля́ть модуля́цию по, напр. ано́ду, защи́тной се́тке — apply modulation to, e. g., the anode, suppressor grid
    при модуля́ции информа́ция заключа́ется в, напр. частоту́ несу́щей — in modulation, the intelligence is embedded in, e. g., the frequency of the carrier
    модуля́ция состои́т в измене́нии пара́метра перено́счика под возде́йствием передава́емого сигна́ла — modulation arises when a characteristic of the carrier is changed by the signal [intelligence] transmitted
    амплиту́дная модуля́ция [АМ] — amplitude modulation, AM
    амплиту́дная, асимметри́чная модуля́ция — asymmetric amplitude [conjugate] modulation
    амплиту́дно-и́мпульсная модуля́ция [АИМ] — pulse-amplitude modulation, PAM
    ано́дная модуля́ция — plate [anode] modulation
    взаи́мная модуля́ция — intermodulation
    модуля́ция видеосигна́лами — video modulation
    модуля́ция в каска́дах предвари́тельного усиле́ния — prestage modulation
    вне́шняя модуля́ция — external modulation
    вну́тренняя модуля́ция — internal modulation
    внутрирезона́торная модуля́ция — in-cavity modulation
    модуля́ция вре́мени жи́зни носи́телей те́ла — life time modulation
    временна́я модуля́ция см. время-импульсная модуляция
    вре́мя-и́мпульсная модуля́ция [ВИМ] — pulse-position modulation, PPM (Примечание. Не путать с pulse-time modulation, так как этот термин включает pulse-position и pulse-width, pulse-frequency и pulse-interval modulations.)
    модуля́ция, вызыва́емая окружа́ющей средо́й — environmental modulation
    модуля́ция группово́го сигна́ла — group modulation
    двойна́я модуля́ция — double modulation
    двухта́ктная модуля́ция — push-pull modulation
    модуля́ция дефази́рованием — outphasing modulation
    динами́ческая модуля́ция — dynamic modulation
    дифференциа́льная модуля́ция — differential modulation
    модуля́ция длины́ кана́ла ( в полевом транзисторе) — channel length modulation
    модуля́ция добро́тности ла́зера — Q-switching, Q-modulation, Q-spoiling
    модуля́ция добро́тности ла́зера, акти́вная — active Q-switching
    модуля́ция добро́тности ла́зера, и́мпульсная — pulsed Q-switching
    модуля́ция добро́тности ла́зера, пасси́вная — passive Q-switching
    модуля́ция добро́тности ла́зера, электроопти́ческая — electrooptic Q-switching
    дро́бная модуля́ция — fractional modulation
    звукова́я модуля́ция — audio modulation
    идеа́льная модуля́ция — perfect modulation
    модуля́ция излуче́ния ла́зера — laser-beam modulation
    изохро́нная модуля́ция — isochronous modulation
    и́мпульсная модуля́ция — pulse(-type) modulation
    и́мпульсная, кванто́ванная модуля́ция — quantized pulse modulation
    модуля́ция интенси́вности пучка́ — beam intensity modulation
    квадрату́рная модуля́ция — quadrature modulation
    квадрату́рная, бала́нсная модуля́ция — balanced quadrature modulation
    квадрату́рная, синхро́нная модуля́ция — synchronous quadrature modulation
    ко́дово-и́мпульсная модуля́ция [КИМ] — pulse-code modulation, PCM
    ко́дово-и́мпульсная, дифференциа́льная модуля́ция — differential pulse-code modulation
    лине́йная модуля́ция — linear modulation
    многокра́тная модуля́ция — multiple [compound] modulation
    модуля́ция на большо́й мо́щности — брит. high-power modulation; амер. high-level modulation
    модуля́ция на ма́лой мо́щности — брит. low-power modulation; амер. low-level modulation
    недоста́точная модуля́ция — undermodulation
    неискажё́нная модуля́ция — undistorted modulation
    непосре́дственная модуля́ция — direct modulation
    модуля́ция ОБП с оста́тком несу́щей свз.vestigial sideband modulation
    модуля́ция одни́м то́ном — single-tone modulation
    однополо́сная модуля́ция — single-sideband [SSB] modulation
    однота́ктная модуля́ция — single-cycle modulation
    модуля́ция отклоне́нием — deflection modulation
    модуля́ция отклоне́нием мо́жет испо́льзоваться для определе́ния а́зимута це́ли — deflection modulation can indicate target azimuth
    парази́тная модуля́ция — extraneous [spurious] modulation
    парази́тная модуля́ция дли́тельности и́мпульса — pulse-width jitter
    парази́тная модуля́ция пери́ода повторе́ния и́мпульсов — repetition-period jitter
    параметри́ческая модуля́ция — self-reactance modulation
    перекрё́стная модуля́ция — cross modulation
    переме́нная модуля́ция — variable modulation
    перестано́вочная модуля́ция — permutation modulation
    модуля́ция по амплиту́де — amplitude modulation, AM
    модуля́ция по вре́мени — time modulation
    модуля́ция поглоще́нием — absorption [loss] modulation
    модуля́ция по крутизне́ и́мпульса — pulse-slope modulation
    модуля́ция по́лем — field(-effect) modulation
    по́лная модуля́ция — complete modulation
    поляризацио́нная модуля́ция [ПМ] — polarization modulation, PM
    модуля́ция по поляриза́ции — polarization modulation, PM
    модуля́ция по фа́зе — phase modulation, PM
    модуля́ция по частоте́ — frequency modulation, PM
    модуля́ция по элеме́нту свя́зи — coupling modulation
    модуля́ция прерыва́телем — chopper modulation
    модуля́ция проводи́мости — conductivity modulation
    противофа́зная модуля́ция — phase-reversal modulation
    модуля́ция пучка́ — beam modulation
    модуля́ция пучка́ по пло́тности — bunching
    модуля́ция пучка́ по ско́рости — velocity modulation
    речева́я модуля́ция — speech [voice] modulation, voice control
    модуля́ция с авторегули́рованием несу́щей частоты́ — controlled-carrier [floating-carrier, variable-carrier] modulation
    модуля́ция све́та — light modulation
    се́точная модуля́ция — grid modulation
    модуля́ция се́точным смеще́нием — grid-bias modulation
    модуля́ция с подавле́нием несу́щей — suppressed carrier modulation
    модуля́ция толщины́ ба́зы — base thickness [base width] modulation
    тона́льная модуля́ция — buzzer [tone] modulation
    углова́я модуля́ция — angle modulation
    фа́зовая модуля́ция [ФМ] — phase modulation, PM
    фа́зовая, относи́тельная модуля́ция — differential phase shift modulation
    фа́зово-и́мпульсная модуля́ция [ФИМ] — pulse-position modulation, PPM
    модуля́ция фо́ном — hum modulation
    часто́тная модуля́ция [ЧМ] — frequency modulation, FM
    часто́тная модуля́ция с поднесу́щей — subcarrier frequency modulation
    часто́тно-и́мпульсная модуля́ция [ЧИМ] — pulse-frequency modulation, PFM
    широ́тно-и́мпульсная модуля́ция [ШИМ] — pulse-duration [pulse-length, pulse-width] modulation, PDM, PWM
    шта́рковская модуля́ция — Stark modulation
    модуля́ция шу́мом — noise modulation
    модуля́ция я́ркости — intensity modulation
    модуля́ция я́ркости испо́льзуется для вы́дачи отме́тки це́ли — the (presence of a) target is indicated by intensity modulation

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > модуляция

  • 6 модуляция

    ж. modulation

    модуляция состоит в изменении параметра переносчика под воздействием передаваемого сигнала — modulation arises when a characteristic of the carrier is changed by the signal transmitted

    модуляция на большой мощности — high-power modulation; high-level modulation

    модуляция на малой мощности — low-power modulation; low-level modulation

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > модуляция

  • 7 отдавать предпочтение

    Preference is given to the largest group.

    Mechanical seals are increasingly favoured by industry.

    The approach favoured by our group is a much more empirical one.

    To decide between two theories,...

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > отдавать предпочтение

  • 8 отклоняться от

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > отклоняться от

  • 9 анализатор

    1) General subject: analyser (электронный прибор), analyzer, parser
    3) Military: identifier
    6) Psychology: sensory receptor
    7) Telecommunications: analizing device
    8) Textile: stapler (прибор для сортировки волокна по длине и составления штапельной диаграммы)
    10) Information technology: estimating device, sniffer
    11) Ecology: analyzer analysis
    12) Programming: (соответствия) pattern matcher (компонент, осуществляющий в системе ИИ операцию сопоставления поступающих на его вход данных с имеющимися образцами с целью распознавания входных данных)
    13) Psychoanalysis: sense (sensory) receptor
    14) Makarov: explorer (программно-аппаратное средство в системе искусств. интеллекта)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > анализатор

  • 10 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

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